Acoustic properties of rock sites may have inspired prehistoric art

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Custom-built raft used for summertime recordings. Credit: Julia Shpinitskaya

Researchers at the University of Helsinki performed acoustic impulse response measurements in front of 37 rock painting sites and found that the same vertical rock surfaces that have the painted elks, humans and boats, are also effective sound reflectors. Their study is published in the journal Sound Studies.

Finnish prehistoric rock paintings (5000–1500 BCE) on the cliffs rising directly from the lakes are acoustically special environments.

When the lake levels have remained unchanged, these extremely smooth rock surfaces generate distinct single-repeat echoes, which accurately copy the given sounds, forming auditory mirror images that appear to emanate from behind the rock walls. The adjacent, more jagged lakeshore cliffs generate weaker and less distinct echoes, while the more or less contemporary dwelling sites on the sandy shores of the same water bodies have no audible echoes at all.

Perttu Kesäniemi and Mikko Ojanen recorded the artists' vocal and instrumental improvisations at the University of Helsinki Music Research Laboratory, and digitally added the acoustics of selected sites to them. Credit: University of Helsinki

Recording from the ice or a raft

The acoustic measurement data were collected with a custom-designed recording raft or during the winter from the lake ice. The data shows that prehistoric hunter-gatherers approaching the rock painting sites by water entered a special sensory environment where reality sounded doubled.

"According to the psychoacoustic criterion used, the echoes are so strong that there is no reason to assume that the people in the past did not hear them," archaeologist Riitta Rainio estimates.

"So, people heard the painted elks talking and the human figures responding with a voice that resembled their own."

Based on on-site and aerial LiDAR scans, Paavo Rinkkala and Jami Pekkanen created a digital 3D reconstruction of the Siliävuori site, which complements the audio demonstrations with visual scenery and animated scenes from about 5,000 years ago. Credit: University of Helsinki

Sound reflections participated in the activities

Ethnomusicologist Julia Shpinitskaya is excited about the results of the multi-year project. "Although the sounds produced by prehistoric people are beyond our reach, this study brings out one key feature of the sensory experiences associated with rock paintings by the water—that sound reflections strongly participated in the activities, making the cliffs energetic and active agents."

The possibility to communicate reciprocally with the physical environment or more-than-human reality may have been an essential reason why these cliffs were visited and painted, and why offerings were left to them. For the history of sound and music, the study provides an example of how significant a role sound reflections could have in past societies.

More information: Riitta Rainio et al, Reflected encounters at hunter-gatherer rock art sites by the water, Sound Studies (2024). DOI: 10.1080/20551940.2024.2419293

Provided by University of Helsinki