Sombrero Galaxy dazzles in new Webb images and video

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This image compares the view of the famous Sombrero Galaxy in mid-infrared light (top) and visible light (bottom). The James Webb Space Telescope’s MIRI (Mid-Infrared Instrument) reveals the smooth inner disk of the galaxy, while the Hubble Space Telescope’s visible light image shows the large and extended glow of the central bulge of stars. Credit: European Space Agency

A new mid-infrared image from the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope features the Sombrero galaxy, also known as Messier 104 (M104). The signature, glowing core seen in visible-light images does not shine, and instead a smooth inner disk is revealed.

The sharp resolution of Webb's MIRI (Mid-Infrared Instrument) also brings into focus details of the galaxy's outer ring, providing insights into how the dust, an essential building block for astronomical objects in the universe, is distributed. The galaxy's outer ring shows intricate clumps in the infrared for the first time.

The NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope recently imaged the Sombrero galaxy with its MIRI (Mid-InfraRed Instrument), resolving the clumpy nature of the dust along the galaxy’s outer ring. Credit: NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI, N. Bartmann (ESA/Webb)

Researchers say the clumpy nature of the dust, where MIRI detects carbon-containing molecules called polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, can indicate the presence of young star-forming regions.

However, unlike some galaxies studied with Webb—including Messier 82, where 10 times as many stars are born as in the Milky Way galaxy—the Sombrero galaxy is not a particular hotbed of star formation. The rings of the Sombrero galaxy produce less than one solar mass of stars per year, in comparison to the Milky Way's roughly two solar masses a year.

Zoom video: Sombrero Galaxy This video takes the viewer on a journey through space to the Sombrero Galaxy, also known as Messier 104 (M104). The NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope recently imaged the Sombrero galaxy with its MIRI (Mid-InfraRed Instrument), resolving the clumpy nature of the dust along the galaxy’s outer ring. The mid-infrared light highlights the gas and dust that are a feature of the star formation taking place among the Sombrero galaxy’s outer disc. The rings of the Sombrero galaxy produce less than one solar mass of stars per year, in comparison to the Milky Way’s roughly two solar masses a year. It’s not a particular hotbed of star formation. Credit: NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI, ESO/IDA/Danish 1.5 m, DSS 2, The Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA), N. Bartmann (ESA/Webb), R. Gendler and J.-E. Ovaldsen, E. Slawik, N. Risinger & M. Zamani (ESA/Webb)

The supermassive black hole at the center of the Sombrero galaxy, also known as an active galactic nucleus (AGN), is rather docile, even at a hefty 9-billion-solar masses. It's classified as a low luminosity AGN, slowly snacking on infalling material from the galaxy, while sending off a bright, relatively small jet.

Also within the Sombrero galaxy dwell some 2,000 globular clusters, a collection of hundreds of thousands of old stars held together by gravity. This type of system serves as a pseudo-laboratory for astronomers to study stars—thousands of stars within one system with the same age, but varying masses and other properties is an intriguing opportunity for comparison studies.

The NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope recently imaged the Sombrero galaxy with its MIRI (Mid-Infrared Instrument), resolving the clumpy nature of the dust along the galaxy’s outer ring. The mid-infrared light highlights the gas and dust that are part of star formation taking place among the Sombrero galaxy’s outer disk. The rings of the Sombrero galaxy produce less than one solar mass of stars per year, in comparison to the Milky Way’s roughly two solar masses a year. It’s not a particular hotbed of star formation. Credit: NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI

In the MIRI image directly above, galaxies of varying shapes and colors litter the background of space. The different colors of these background galaxies can tell astronomers about their properties, including how far away they are.

The Sombrero galaxy is around 30 million light-years from Earth in the constellation Virgo.

Stunning images like this, and an array of discoveries in the study of exoplanets, galaxies through time, star formation, and our own solar system, are still just the beginning. Recently, scientists from all over the world converged—virtually—to apply for observation time with Webb during its fourth year of science operations, which begins in July 2025.

Transition video: Hubble and Webb’s views of the Sombrero Galaxy This video features two views of the Sombrero Galaxy, also known as Messier 104 (M104). The Sombrero galaxy is around 30 million light-years from Earth in the constellation Virgo. The famous Sombrero Galaxy in mid-infrared light as seen by the James Webb Space Telescope’s MIRI (Mid-Infrared Instrument) reveals the smooth inner disc of the galaxy. The image as seen by the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope in visible light from 2010 shows the large and extended glow of the central bulge of stars. Both the Webb and Hubble images resolve the clumpy nature of the dust that makes up the Sombrero galaxy’s outer ring. Credit: NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI, Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA), N. Bartmann (ESA/Webb); Music: Stellardrone, "The Night Sky in Motion"

General Observer time with Webb is more competitive than ever. A record-breaking 2,377 proposals were submitted by the 15 October 2024 deadline, requesting about 78,000 hours of observation time. This is an oversubscription rate—the ratio defining the observation hours requested versus the actual time available in one year of Webb's operations—of around 9 to 1.

The proposals cover a wide array of science topics, with distant galaxies being among the most requested observation time, followed by exoplanet atmospheres, stars and stellar populations, and then exoplanet systems.

Provided by European Space Agency