Researchers unlock cell density as a tool for building synthetic tissues

For this particular series of experiments, the scientists used synNotch to turn on a circuit that includes green fluorescence and a way to propagate the signal further-;although it could be used to turn on any gene. The fluorescence made it easy to observe cells as they formed patterns. For example, in a field of cells, the scientists could create a pattern of green fluorescent rings emanating from a central point.

Unexpected discovery

"We would see different outcomes of the patterning when we would start with genetically identical cells in different numbers," said Morsut. "So that was puzzling at the beginning. I remember Marco came in and told me once that the experiment worked, but only in half of the plate. And when we looked at it more carefully, we started seeing that there was a gradient of cell density that seemed to correlate with differences in patterning."

Above a certain cell density, synNotch exerted a weaker effect and didn't produce the same patterns. Further complicating matters, cell density constantly shifted as cells proliferated at ever changing rates-;interacting in complex ways with the synNotch genetic circuit.

Does it compute?

"For me, this was one of the first times in my life where computational modeling has been able to predict behaviors that look like what actually happens in the cells," said Thomson, who is an assistant professor of computational biology at Caltech and an investigator with the Heritage Medical Research Institute. "Here, it helped guide us to think about how the cell density, proliferation rate, signaling, and all these different things conspire."

Morsut added: "We were happy that we had the computational model to really explore and get a sense of what are the possible different patterns, and how to move from one to another."

It's okay be a little dense

"Nature has relied on cell density in conjunction with genetic circuits to generate the remarkable diversity of multicellular structures, tissues, and organs," said Morsut. "Now we can co-opt this same strategy to advance our efforts to build synthetic multicellular structures-;and eventually tissues and organs-;for regenerative medicine."

About the study

Additional co-authors are: Benjamin Swedlund, Naisargee Jain, Kyle Poon, Victoria A. MacKrell, Trusha Sondkar, and Giorgia Quadrato from USC; Dominik Schildknecht from Caltech; Andriu Kavanagh from USC and California State University, Northridge; and Mattias Malaguti and Sally Lowell from the University of Edinburgh.

This work was federally funded by the National Institute of General Medicine (grant R35 GM138256) and the National Science Foundation (grants CBET-2034495 and CBET-2145528). Additional support came from the Human Frontier Science Program (HFSP) Organization (grant LT000469/2019-L), the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine, the Belgian American Educational Foundation (BAEF), the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative (grant 2023-332386), the Silicon Valley Community Foundation, the Heritage Medical Research Institute, the David and Lucile Packard Foundation, the Wellcome Trust (grant 220298), and a University of Edinburgh School of Biological Sciences new staff start-up award.

Source:

Keck School of Medicine of USC

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