Bioengineers and chemists design fluorescent 3D-printed structures with potential medical applications

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In a process as simple as stirring eggs and flour into pancakes, University of Oregon researchers have mixed fluorescent ring-shaped molecules into a novel 3D printing process. The result: intricate glowing structures that support the development of new kinds of biomedical implants.

The advance solves a longstanding design challenge by making the structures easier to track and monitor over time inside the body, allowing researchers to easily distinguish what's part of an implant and what's cells or tissue.

The discovery emerged from a collaboration between Paul Dalton's engineering lab in the Phil and Penny Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact and Ramesh Jasti's chemistry lab in the UO's College of Arts and Sciences. The researchers describe their findings in a paper published this summer in the journal Small.

"I think it was one of those strange times when we said, 'Let's try it,' and it pretty much worked immediately," Dalton said.

But behind that simple origin story are years of specialized research and expertise in two very different fields before they finally came together.

Dalton's lab specializes in intricate, novel forms of 3D printing. His team's signature development is a technique called melt electrowriting, which allows relatively large objects to be 3D printed at very fine resolution. Using that technique, the team has printed mesh scaffolds that could be used for various kinds of biomedical implants.

Such implants could be used for applications as diverse as new wound-healing technology, artificial blood vessels or structures to help regenerate nerves. In a recent project, the lab collaborated with the cosmetics company L'Oreal, using the scaffolds to create a realistic multilayered artificial skin.

Jasti's lab, meanwhile, is known for its work on nanohoops, ring-shaped carbon-based molecules that have a variety of interesting properties and are adjustable based on the precise size and structure of the ring-shaped hoops. The nanohoops fluoresce brightly when exposed to ultraviolet light, emitting different colors depending on their size and structure.

Both labs might have stayed in their own lanes if not for a casual conversation when Dalton was a new professor at the UO, eager to make connections and meet other faculty members. He and Jasti tossed around the idea of incorporating the nanohoops into the 3D scaffolds that Dalton was already working on. That would make the structures glow, a useful feature that would make it easier to track their fate in the body and distinguish the structures from their surrounding environment.

"We thought it probably wouldn't work," Jasti said. But it did, quite quickly.

People had tried to make the scaffolds glow in the past with little success, Dalton said. Most fluorescent molecules break down under the lengthy exposure to heat required for his 3D printing technique. The Jasti lab's nanohoops are much more stable under high temperatures.

Though both groups might make their craft look easy, "making nanohoops is really hard, and melt electrowriting is really hard to do, so the fact that we were able to merge these two really complex and different fields into something that's really simple is incredible," said Harrison Reid, a graduate student in Jasti's lab.

Just a small amount of fluorescent nanohoops mixed in to the 3D printing material mixture yields long-lasting glowing structures, the researchers found. Because the fluorescence is activated by UV light, the scaffolds still look clear under normal conditions.

While the initial concept worked very quickly, it's taken several years of further testing to fully scope out the material and assess its potential, said Patrick Hall, a graduate student in Dalton's lab.

For instance, Hall and Dalton ran a battery of tests to confirm that adding the nanohoops didn't affect the strength or stability of the 3D-printed material. They also confirmed that adding the fluorescent molecules didn't make the resulting material toxic to cells, which is important for biomedical applications and a key baseline that needs to be met before it can move closer to human application.

The team envisions a range of possible applications for the glowing materials they've created. Dalton is particularly interested in the biomedical potential, but a customizable material that glows under UV light might also have use in security applications, Jasti said.

They've filed a patent application for the advance and eventually hope to commercialize it. And both Jasti and Dalton are grateful for the serendipity that brought them together.

"We get cool new directions by having people who don't usually discuss their science come together," Dalton said.

More information: Patrick C. Hall et al, [n]Cycloparaphenylenes as Compatible Fluorophores for Melt Electrowriting, Small (2024). DOI: 10.1002/smll.202400882

Journal information: Small

Provided by University of Oregon